Government Incentives for Biomass Heating: What You Need to Know in 2025

May 13 2025 , 10 min reading time

Switching to biomass heating can be a great way to reduce your energy bills, cut carbon emissions, and increase your home’s energy independence. However, the upfront cost can be high. Thankfully, the UK government offers various grants and subsidies to encourage homeowners to install biomass boilers. In this guide, we’ll break down the latest government incentives for biomass heating in 2025, eligibility requirements, and how you can apply.

In this guide, we’ll break down the latest government incentives for biomass heating in 2025, eligibility requirements, and how you can apply.

1. Why Are There Incentives for Biomass Heating?

The UK is phasing out fossil fuel heating and pushing towards low-carbon alternatives like biomass boilers and heat pumps. Biomass boilers are supported because they:
✔ Reduce carbon emissions compared to oil and LPG heating
✔ Use renewable fuel sources (wood pellets, logs, or chips)
✔ Lower heating costs in rural homes not connected to the gas grid

To help more households switch to biomass, the government provides financial support through various schemes.

2. Key Government Incentives for Biomass Boilers in 2025

🔹 Boiler Upgrade Scheme (BUS)

The Boiler Upgrade Scheme (BUS) provides upfront grants to help homeowners install low-carbon heating, including biomass boilers.

💰 What’s available?

£5,000 grant for biomass boiler installations.
£7,500 grant for air and ground source heat pumps (alternative options).

📍 Who is eligible?
✔ Homes in England and Wales (Scotland has separate support).
✔ Off-grid properties only – you cannot get this grant if your home is connected to the gas grid.
✔ Your home must have a valid Energy Performance Certificate (EPC).
✔ Your installer must be MCS-certified (Microgeneration Certification Scheme).

🚀 How to apply?

Find an MCS-certified installer (they will handle the application).
Your installer will apply for the BUS grant on your behalf.
The grant amount is deducted from the installation cost.

📅 Key dates:

Applications must be made before March 2026.
The scheme has an annual budget of £295 million.

👉 More details: Boiler Upgrade Scheme – GOV.UK

🔹 0% VAT on Biomass Boiler Installations

Since April 2022, the government has removed VAT on the installation of biomass boilers and other renewable heating systems.

💰 What does this mean?

You pay no VAT on the cost of installation.
Applies to all domestic properties until March 2027.

👉 More details: HMRC VAT Guidance

🔹 Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) – Legacy Support

Although the Domestic Renewable Heat Incentive (RHI) scheme closed in 2022, existing participants are still receiving quarterly payments for up to 7 years. If you installed a biomass boiler before March 2022, you may still be eligible for payments.

👉 Check your eligibility: RHI Scheme – GOV.UK

3. How Much Can You Save?

Cost Factor	Without Incentives	With BUS Grant
Biomass Boiler Cost	£10,000 – £15,000	£5,000 – £10,000
Installation (flue, storage)	£2,000 – £5,000	£2,000 – £5,000
VAT (0% incentive)	£1,200 – £2,000 (saved)	£1,200 – £2,000 (saved)

💡 Total potential savings: £6,200 – £7,000

👉 Annual fuel savings: Replacing oil or LPG could save £300–£700 per year.

4. Eligibility Requirements for Biomass Grants

To qualify for government grants, you need to meet these conditions:

✅ You must be off the gas grid – only homes in rural areas qualify.
✅ The biomass boiler must be MCS-certified – ensuring it meets high efficiency and emissions standards.
✅ Your home must have an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) – proving it meets insulation requirements.
✅ A certified installer must complete the work – DIY installations do not qualify.

🔎 How to check if your home qualifies?

Use the ONS Rural Urban Classification tool to confirm your property is rural.
Search for an MCS-certified installer on the MCS website.
Get an updated EPC certificate if yours is older than 10 years.

5. How to Apply for a Biomass Grant?

Step 1: Find an MCS-Certified Installer

Installers must be MCS-certified to qualify for grants.
Search for a local certified installer like TISIGO on MCS Certified.

Step 2: Get a Quote and Eligibility Check

The installer will assess your home and confirm if you qualify.
They will provide a quote for installation costs.

Step 3: Installer Applies for the Grant

The installer will handle the Boiler Upgrade Scheme (BUS) application on your behalf.
Once approved, the grant is deducted from your final bill.

Step 4: Installation and Payment

The installer completes the biomass boiler installation.
You pay the remaining balance after the grant is applied.

6. Alternative Funding Options

If you don’t qualify for the Boiler Upgrade Scheme, you may still get financial help through:

🔹 Green Home Finance Products – Some banks offer green mortgages or home improvement loans for renewable energy installations.

🔹 Energy Company Obligation (ECO4) – Provides grants for low-income households.

7. Is a Biomass Boiler Right for You?

A biomass boiler is a great investment if:
✔ You live off the gas grid.
✔ You have space for fuel storage (logs, pellets, or chips).
✔ You want to reduce heating costs and carbon emissions.
✔ You don’t mind regular maintenance (emptying ash, cleaning).

But it might not be the best choice if:
❌ You have limited space for fuel storage.
❌ You prefer a hands-off heating system.
❌ You struggle to get fuel deliveries in your area.

8. Final Thoughts: Should You Apply for a Biomass Grant?

If you’re considering switching to biomass heating, 2025 is a great time to apply for government incentives. With the Boiler Upgrade Scheme (BUS), 0% VAT, and potential savings on fuel, a biomass boiler can be a cost-effective and eco-friendly solution for your home.

💡 Next Steps:
🔹 Check your eligibility and get an EPC certificate.
🔹 Find an MCS-certified installer to handle the application.
🔹 Apply for a grant and start saving on your heating costs.

👉 Need more details? Visit: Speak with us

Article References:

Centre for Alternative Technology. (2010). Zero Carbon Britain 2030: A New Energy Strategy [Report Excerpts].
Allen, P., Kemp, M., & Wexler, J. (2010). Introduction. In Centre for Alternative Technology, Zero Carbon Britain 2030: A New Energy Strategy (pp. 27-36).
Allen, P., Kemp, M., & Wexler, J. (2010). Executive Summary. In Centre for Alternative Technology, Zero Carbon Britain 2030: A New Energy Strategy (pp. 1-26).
Centre for Alternative Technology. (2010). Chapter 4: Climate and the built environment. In Centre for Alternative Technology, Zero Carbon Britain 2030: A New Energy Strategy (pp. 79-104).
Centre for Alternative Technology. (2010). Chapter 5: Transport. In Centre for Alternative Technology, Zero Carbon Britain 2030: A New Energy Strategy (pp. 105-146).
Centre for Alternative Technology. (2010). Chapter 6: Motivation and behavioural change. In Centre for Alternative Technology, Zero Carbon Britain 2030: A New Energy Strategy (pp. 147-188).
Centre for Alternative Technology. (2010). Chapter 7: Land use and agriculture. In Centre for Alternative Technology, Zero Carbon Britain 2030: A New Energy Strategy (pp. 189-234).
Centre for Alternative Technology. (2010). Chapter 8: Renewables. In Centre for Alternative Technology, Zero Carbon Britain 2030: A New Energy Strategy (pp. 235-281).
Centre for Alternative Technology. (2010). Chapter 9: Distributed generation and microgrids. In Centre for Alternative Technology, Zero Carbon Britain 2030: A New Energy Strategy (pp. 282-296).
Centre for Alternative Technology. (2010). Chapter 10: Policy and economics. In Centre for Alternative Technology, Zero Carbon Britain 2030: A New Energy Strategy (pp. 297-329).
Centre for Alternative Technology. (2010). Chapter 11: Employment. In Centre for Alternative Technology, Zero Carbon Britain 2030: A New Energy Strategy (pp. 330-358).
Centre for Alternative Technology. (2010). Summing up zerocarbonbritain2030. In Centre for Alternative Technology, Zero Carbon Britain 2030: A New Energy Strategy (pp. 364-368).
NERA Economic Consulting & AEA. (2009). The UK Supply Curve for Renewable Heat. Study for the Department of Energy and Climate Change.
UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC). (2009). Making the transition to a secure low-carbon energy system. Synthesis report.
National Grid. (2009). The potential for renewable gas in the UK.
Jacobson, M. & Delucchi, M. (2009). Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, impacts, environmental benefits, and first steps.
European Energy Agency (EEA). (2009). Europe’s onshore and offshore wind energy potential – an assessment of environmental constraints.
Helweg-Larson, T. & Bull, J. (2007). zerocarbonbritain: an alternative energy strategy. Centre for Alternative Technology.
Healey, J. (2009). Zero Carbon Standards (New Buildings). Written statement by the Minister for Housing and Planning, 24 November 2009.
Sims R. et al. (2010). An overview of second generation biofuel technologies. Bioresource Technology, 101(6), 1570–1580.
Brown, L. et al. (2002). Development and application of a mechanistic model to estimate emission of nitrous oxide from UK agriculture. Atmospheric Environment, 36(6), 917–928.
Brown, G. & Jarvis, S.C. (2001). Nitrous oxide emissions from intensive grassland systems: production, control and mitigation.
Audsley, E. et al. (2009). How sustainable is the UK food system?.
Garnett, T. (2009). Livestock-related greenhouse gas emissions: changeing patterns, policy responses.
Reijnders, L. & Soret, S. (2003). Consumption of animal products and environmental concerns: Is there a connection?. Environment International, 29(7), 819–827.
Stehfest, E. et al. (2009). Climate benefits of changing diet. Climatic Change, 95(1-2), 83–107.
Steinfeld, H. et al. (2006). Livestock’s long shadow: environmental issues and options.
Tukker, A. et al. (2009). Environmental Impact of Products (EIPRO): Analysis of the life cycle environmental impacts of consumption patterns in the EU-25 - Summary report.
Wirsenius, S. (2008). Future meat consumption and production: challenges and opportunities.
Harper, P. (2007). Sustainable Lifestyles of the Future. In Elliott, D. (ed.), Sustainable Energy: Opportunities & Limitations. Palgrave.
Lackner, K.S., Brennan, S., Matter, J.M., Parks, G.A., O’Connor, S. (2001). Carbon dioxide capture from the air. Science, 294(5541), 1662–1663.
Sohi, S.P., Krull, E., Lopez-Capel, E., & Bol, R. (2010). Biochar, climate change and soil: A review to guide future research.
Banks, C. (2009). Optimising Anaerobic digestion: Evaluating the Potential for Anaerobic Digestion to provide Energy & Soil amendment. Presentation at the Evaluating the Potential for Anaerobic Digestion to provide Energy and Soil amendment, University of Reading, 25 March 2009.
Rathje, W.L. & Murphy, C. (2001). Rubbish!: The Archaeology of Garbage. University of Arizona Press.
Ximenes, F.A., Gardner, W.D., & Cowie, A.L. (2008). The decomposition of wood products in landfills in Sydney, Australia. Waste Management, 28(11), 2344–2354.
Evans, L. (2009). Feeding the future: How will we eat in 2050?.
Willett, W.C. & Skerrett, P.J. (2005). Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy: The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healthy Eating. Free Press.
Maillot, M. et al. (2007). Nutrient-Dense Food Groups Have High Energy Costs: An Econometric Approach to Nutrient Profiling. Journal of Nutrition, 137(7), 1815–1820.
Williams A.G., Audsley, E., & Sandars, D.L. (2006). Determining the environmental burdens & resource use in the production of agricultural & horticultural commodities. Defra Research Project IS0205, report from Natural Resource Management Institute, Cranfield University.
Jackson, M. et al. (2009). Reducing carbon emissions from cement production.
MacCarthy, J., O’Regan, F., & O’Connell, M. (2010). A life cycle assessment of Irish cement production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(2), 154–161.
Höhne, N. et al. (2009). Economic/climate recovery scorecards: How climate friendly are the economic recovery packages?. E3G/WWF.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) et al. (2008). Green Jobs: Towards Decent work in a Sustainable, Low-Carbon World. UNEP.
Bird, J. (2009). Green jobs: Prospects for creating jobs from offshore wind in the UK. Institute for Public Policy Research (ippr).
Johnson, V. & Cottingham, L. (2008). The future of flying: Passenger aviation in a low-carbon world.
Sewill, B. (2009). Flying in the face of reason: The case against aviation expansion.
Committee on Climate Change (CCC). (2008). Building a low-carbon economy - the UK’s contribution to tackling climate change.
Confederation of British Industry (CBI). (2007). Climate change: everyone’s business. CBI Climate Change Task Force.
DfT (Department for Transport). (2009d). Low Carbon Transport: A Greener Future – A Carbon Reduction Strategy for Transport. TSO.
DfT (Department for Transport). (2009c). Britain’s Transport Infrastructure: Rail Electrification. DfT.
DfT (Department for Transport). (2007). Low Carbon Transport Innovation Strategy. DfT.
Mayor of London. (2009). An Electric Vehicle Delivery Plan for London. Mayor of London.
Baker et al. (2009). Review of Low Carbon Technologies for Heavy Goods Vehicles. Report prepared for DfT.
Batterbury, S. (2003). Environmental activism and social networks: Campaigning for bicycles and alternative transport in West London. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 590(1), 150–169.
Shaw, J., Walton, W., & Farrington, J. (2003). Assessing the potential for a ‘railway renaissance’ in Great Britain. Geoforum, 34(2), 141–156.
Mayor of London. (2008). The London Plan: Spatial Development Strategy for Greater London.
Merton Council. (2009). Merton Rule – the exact policy text.
Osami, M. & O’Reilly, A. (2009). Feasibility of zero carbon homes in England by 2016: A house builder’s perspective. Building & Environment, 44(9), 1917–1924.
Power, A. (2008). Does demolition or refurbishment of old and inefficient homes help to increase our environmental, social and economic viability?. Energy Policy, 36(12), 4487-4501.
Strong, D. (2008). The UK Approach to Sustainable Refurbishment. Daylight & Architecture magazine, October 2008.
Thorpe, D. (2010). Sustainable Home Refurbishment: The Earthscan expert guide to retrofitting homes for efficiency. EarthScan.
Turcu, C. (2005–2007). Comparing the sustainability of demolition and refurbishment at LSE. PhD research on HMR Pathfinder.
National Audit Office (NAO). (2007). Housing Market Renewal. Report by the Controller and Auditor General.
Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (ODPM). (2003). Sustainable Communities: Building for the Future. ODPM.
Environmental Audit Committee (EAC – House of Commons). (2005). Housing: Building a Sustainable Future, First Report of Session 2004–05, Volume 1: Report together with formal minutes. TSO.
Essex, J. (2010). Reclaimed Materials Manager, Bioregional [personal communication], 19 January 2010.
Fiennes, J. (2009). Homes and communities offer the biggest possible savings: how do we make 40% energy savings by 2020?. Presentation given at “The Great British Refurb Workshop: 40% energy reduction in homes and communities by 2020 – Can we do it?”, London, 8 December 2009.
Jowsey, E. & Grant, J. (2009). Greening the Existing Housing Stock. Faculty of Development and Society, Sheffield Hallam University.
Lazarus, N. (2005). Potential for reducing the environmental impact of construction materials. Commissioned by Bioregional Development Group.
Mackay, D. (2008). Sustainable Energy – Without the Hot Air. UIT Cambridge.
Mackay, D. (2009). Sustainable Energy – without the hot air. UIT Cambridge Ltd.
Todd, R.W. & Alty, C.J.N. (eds). (1977). An Alternative Energy Strategy for the United Kingdom. National Centre for Alternative Technology.
Allen, M. et al. (2009). Warming caused by cumulative carbon emissions towards the trillionth tonne. Nature, 458(7242), 1163–1166.
Meinshausen, M. et al. (2009). Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2 °C. Nature, 458(7242), 1158–1162.
IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
Abdallah, S. et al. (2009). The Happy Planet Index 2.0: Why good lives don’t have to cost the Earth. nef.
Tickell, O. (2008). Kyoto 2: How to manage the Global Greenhouse. Zed Books.
Rose, C. & Dade, P. (2007). Using Values Modes. Campaign Strategy.org.
Rose, C. with Dade, P. & Scott, J. (2007). Research Into Motivating Prospectors, Settlers and Pioneers To Change Behaviours That Affect Climate Emissions. Campaign Strategy.org.
DfT (Department for Transport). (2009a). UK Air Passenger Demand and CO2 Forecasts. DfT.
DfT (Department for Transport). (2009b). The Future of Rail. Speech by Rt Hon Lord Andrew Adonis, Secretary of State for Transport.
Defra (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs). (2008). Guidelines to Defra’s GHG Conversion Factors, Annexes updated April 2008.
Defra (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs). (n/d). Changing behaviour through policymaking. Defra.
Searchinger, T. et al. (2008). Use of U.S. Croplands for Biofuels Increases Greenhouse Gases Through Emissions from Land-Use Change. Science, 319(5867), 1238–1240.
Sims R. et al. (2010). An overview of second generation biofuel technologies. Bioresource Technology, 101(6), 1570–1580.
SqM. (2009). SqM Lithium Resources and View of the Lithium Industry. Presentation given by Patricio de Solminihac, Lithium Supply Markets 2009, Santiago, Chile, January 2009.
Oil and Gas UK. (2004). Gas - The UK’s Fuel of Choice.
Sorrell, S. et al. (2009). Global Oil Depletion: An assessment of the evidence for a near-term peak in global oil production. UK Energy Research Centre.
Campbell, C. (2009). Reflections from Colin Campbell on Peak Oil and ASPO. Energy Bulletin.
Méjean, A. & Hope, C. (2008). Modelling the costs of non-conventional oil: A case study of Canadian bitumen. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics 0810.
Hirsch, R.L., Bezdek, R., & Wendling, R. (2006). Peaking of World Oil Production: Impacts, Mitigation, And Risk Management. Nova Science Publishers.
European Commission (EC). (2008). Energy Sources, Production Costs and Performance of Technologies for Power Generation, Heating and Transport. Commission Staff Working Document.
Nuclear Energy Agency & International Energy Agency. (1998). Projected costs of generating electricity: Update 1998. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Carbon Trust & L.E.K. Consulting. (2006). Policy frameworks for renewables: Analysis on policy frameworks to drive future investment in near and long-term renewable power in the UK.
House of Lords. (2008). The Economics of Renewable Energy, Volume I: Report. Select Committee on Economic Affairs, 4th Report of Session 2007–08.
de Jagger, D. & Rathmann, M. (2008). Policy instrument design to reduce financial costs in renewable Energy technology projects. IEA Implementing Agreement on Renewable Energy Technology Deployment (RETD).
Foxon, T. et al. (2005). UK innovation systems for new and renewable energy technologies: drivers, barriers and systems failures. Energy Policy, 33(16), 2123 – 2137.
Roberts, S. (2010). Stuff, stuff and long car trips: application of the 4see socio-economic-energy model to the UK and designing future scenarios. Arup Foresight Group seminar.
Pudjianto, D., Zafiropoulos, E., & Daoutis, L. (2005). Large Scale Integration of Micro-Generation to Low Voltage Grids: Methodology for quantifying Economic and Environmental Benefits of MicroGrids. The University of Manchester.
Strbac, G., Ramsay, C., & Pudjianto, D. (2007). Integration of Distributed Generation into the UK Power System. Summary Report, DTI Centre for Distributed Generation and Sustainable Electrical Energy.
Lasseter, R. H. & Piagi, P. (2007). Extended Microgrid using (DER) Distributed Energy Resources. Power Engineering Society General Meeting IEEE, 24–28 June 2007, 1–5.
Institute of Engineering and Technology [IET]. (2006). Distributed Generation and its impact on the UK’s electricity distribution networks.
European Distributed Energy Partnership (EU-DEEP). (2009). N1 : The current “Use of System” charge schemes cannot valorise DER that represents value for the system.
Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem). (2003). Rewiring Britain: Industry experts point the way forward. Press release.
Office of Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem). (2009). Distributed Energy – Final Proposals and Statutory Notice for Electricity Supply Licence Modification. Decision Document.
Element Energy. (2009). Design of Feed-in Tariffs for Sub-5MW- Electricity in Great Britain: quantitative analysis for DECC. Final report.
Energy Quote. (2008). FAQs. Energy Quote.
Office of the Gas and Electricity Markets (Ofgem). (2009). The Renewables Obligation Buy-Out Price and Mutualisation Ceiling 2009-10.
Worrall, F. et al. (2003). Carbon budget for a British upland peat catchment. The Science of the Total Environment, 312(1), 133–146.
Zeng, N. (2008). Carbon sequestration via wood burial. Carbon Balance and Management, 3(1).
Lehmann, J. & Joseph, S. (eds.). (2009). Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology. Earthscan.
Jenkinson, D.S. (1988). Soil organic matter and its dynamics. In Wild, A. (ed.), Russell’s Soil Conditions and Plant Growth (11th ed., pp. 564–607). Longman.
Azeez, G. (2009). Soil Carbon and Organic Farming: a review of the evidence on the relationship between agriculture and soil carbon sequestration, and how organic farming can contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Soil Association.
Smith, P. (2004). Carbon sequestration in cropland soils.
Weiske, A. (2007). Potential for carbon sequestration in European agriculture. Impact of Environmental Agreements On The Cap, Specific Targeted Research Project no. SSPE-CT-2004-503604.
Klumpp, K. et al. (2009). Grazing triggers soil carbon loss by altering plant roots and their control on soil microbial community. Journal of Ecology, 97(5), 876–885.
Brainard, J.S. et al. (2003). Predicting greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural soils in Great Britain: development and testing of a GIS-based national scale methodology. Environmental Modelling & Software, 18(9), 789–808.
Saggar, S. et al. (2004). Modelling nitrous oxide emissions from dairy-grazed pastures. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 68(3), 243–253.
Dawson, L.A. & Smith, P. (2006). Carbon accumulation in soils. Soil Use and Management, 22(S1), 111–123.
Read D. J. et al. (eds). (2009). Combating climate change – a role for UK forests: The synthesis report.
Royal Society. (2009). Geoengineering the Climate: Science Governance and Uncertainty. RS Policy document 10/09.
WWF. (2009). Blueprint Germany: A Strategy for a Climate Safe Germany. WWF.
Douthwaite, R. (2009). Cap & Share. Presentation given to the ZeroCarbonBritain Policy, Actions & Economics seminar, 30 September 2009.
Foundation for the Economics of Sustainability (FEASTA). (2008). Cap & Share: A Fair Way to Cut Greenhouse Gas Emissions. FEASTA.
Fleming, D. (2007). Energy and the Common Purpose: Descending the Energy Staircase with Tradeable Energy Quotas (TEQs) (3rd ed.). The Lean Economy Connection.
Fleming, D. (2009). Part 1: A Plan for All Seasons. In House of Commons All Party Parliamentary Group on Peak Oil (APPGOPO) & The Lean Economy Connection, Tradable Energy Quotas (TEQs): A Policy Framework For Peak Oil And Climate Change (pp. 7–23). APPGOPO.
Lean Economy Connection. (2008). DEFRA’s pre-feasibility study into Personal Carbon Trading – A missed opportunity.
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra). (2008). Synthesis report on the findings from Defra’s pre-feasibility study into personal carbon trading. Defra.
Environmental Audit Commission (EAC – House of Commons). (2008). Personal Carbon Trading, Fifth Report of Session 2007–08. TSO.
Tickell, O. (2008). Kyoto 2: How to manage the Global Greenhouse. Zed Books.
Hanlon, J. (2004). It is Possible to Just Give Money to the Poor. Development and Change, 35(2), 375–383.
Elliott, L. (2009). IMF backing for Bank could signal more quantitative easing. The Guardian, 30 September 2009.
Stretton, S. (2009). A Short Guide to a Secure Future.
Defra (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs). (2002). Action Plan to Develop Organic Food & Farming in England. Defra.
Hartridge, O. & Pearce, D. (2001). Is UK Agriculture Sustainable? Environmentally Adjusted Economic Accounts for UK Agriculture. CSERGE-Economics, University College London.
Atkinson, G., Mourato, S., Ozdemiroglu, E., Pearce, D., & Suarez, P. (2004). Economic analysis of agricultural sustainability.
Jones, P. et al. (2003). Return to traditional values? A case study of Slow Food. British Food Journal, 105(4/5), 297–304.
Crawley, H. (2007). Nutritional Guidelines for Food Served in Public Institutions. Report prepared for The Food Standards Agency by The Caroline Walker Trust.
Willett, W.C. & Skerrett, P.J. (2005). Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy: The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healthy Eating. Free Press.
DfT (Department for Transport). (2008). 2008 Guidelines to Defra’s GHG Conversion Factors: Methodology Paper for Transport Emissions Factors. The Stationery Office.
McKinnon, A. (2007). CO2 Emissions from Freight Transport: An Analysis of UK Data. Logistics Research Centre, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh.
Local Government Association (LGA). (2009). Securing best value and outcomes for taxpayer subsidy of bus services. LGA.
Batterbury, S. (2003). Environmental activism and social networks: Campaigning for bicycles and alternative transport in West London. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 590(1), 150–169.
Bell, E. (2006). Why the Trolleybus?. The Electric tBus Group.
Rail Freight Group. (2005). Facts and Statistics. Rail Freight Group.
Owen, G. (1999). Public purpose or private benefit? The politics of energy conservation. Manchester University Press.
Rat für Nachhaltige Entwicklung. (2003). The Perspectives for Coal in a Sustainable Energy Industry: Guidelines for a Modern Coal Policy and the Promotion of Innovation.
Birmingham City Council. (2009). City Centre’s First Combined Heat and Power Scheme.
Greenpeace. (2009). Case Study: Southampton.
Delta Energy & Environment. (2009). CHP Employment Survey: Report of findings. Delta Energy & Environment.
Combined Heat and Power Association (CHPA). (2009). Heat Strategy Fails to Lift Jobs Threat to Industry. Press release.
Allen S, Hammond, G., & McManus, M.C. (2008). Prospects for and barriers to domestic microgeneration: A United Kingdom perspective. Applied Energy, 85(6), 528-544.
Boettcher M., Nielsen, N., & Petrick, K. (2008). A closer look at the development of wind, wave & tidal energy in the UK: Employment opportunities and challenges in the context of rapid industry growth. Independent study by Bain & Company.
British Wind Energy Association (BWEA) et al. (2005). The renewable energy manifesto: as proposed by the UK’s renewable energy trade associations: An action plan to deliver 25% of the UK’s energy from renewables by 2025.
BWEA (British Wind Energy Association). (2009). UK wind energy statistics.
Forrest, N & Wallace, J. (2010). The Employment Potential of Scotland’s Hydro Resources. Nick Forrest Associates.
Backwell, B. (2009). UK government extends ROC window for offshore projects. ReCharge: The global source for renewable energy news, 9 December 2009.
Garrad, A. (2009). UK Offshore Wind: Near-Term Capital Costs and Delivery. Presentation given at “BWEA Offshore Wind 09”, London, 24 June 2009.
BVG Associates. (2009). Towards Round 3: Building the Offshore Wind Supply Chain. Review for The Crown Estate on how to improve delivery of UK offshore wind.
Ernst & young. (2009). Costs of offshore wind.
Manufactuers’ Organisation (EEF). (2009). UK Steel: Key Statistics 2009. EEF.
McKendry, P. (2002). Energy production from biomass (part 2): conversion technologies. Bioresource Technology, 83(1), 47–54.
McKinsey. (2008). Carbon Capture & Storage: Assessing the Economics. McKinsey Climate Change Initiative.
UK Photovoltaic Manufacturers Association (UK-PV). (2009). 2020: A vision for UK PV: An up to date and accurate analysis on the investment case for solar photovoltaics (PV) in the UK.
uktradeinfo. (2009). Exchange rates.
Department of Business, Enterprise & Regulatory Reform (BERR). (2008). UK Renewable Energy Strategy: Consultation. BERR.
HM Government. (2009). Ultra-Low Carbon Vehicles in the UK.
Hoehner, M. & Forst, M. (2006). Der Deutsche Photovoltaikmarkt 2006/07—Vom Nachfrageüberhang zum Wettbewerb. EUPD Research.
Hoffmann, C., Duran Haro, M., & Strietska-Ilina, O. (2009). Skills for the low carbon economy. Paper prepared for the European Commission’s workshop.
International Energy Agency (IEA). (2002). Paris: OECD/IEA.
IEA (International Energy Agency). (2005a). Saving oil in a hurry. OECD/IEA.
IEA (International Energy Agency). (2005b). Saving electricity in a hurry: Dealing with Temporary Shortfalls in Electricity Supplies. OECD/IEA.
IEA (International Energy Agency). (2008). World Energy Outlook 2008. OECD/IEA.
Point Carbon. (2009). Trading Analytics. Point Carbon.
Schmidt, G. & Archer, D. (2009). Climate change: Too much of a bad thing. Nature, 458(7242), 1117–1118.
Söderbergh, B., Robelius, F., & Aleklett, K. (2007). A crash programme scenario for the Canadian oil sands industry. Energy Policy, 35(3), 1931–1947.
DTI (Department of Trade and Industry). (2003). Energy white paper: our energy future – creating a low carbon economy. TSO.
DTI (Department of Trade and Industry). (2007). Meeting the Energy Challenge: A White Paper on Energy. The Stationery Office.
Cunningham, M.D. et al. (2006). The effects on flora and fauna of converting grassland to short rotation coppice. DTI Technology Programme: New and Renewable Energy.
Haughton A.J. et al. (2009). A novel, integrated approach to assessing social, economic and environmental implications of changing rural land use: a case study for perennial biomass crops. Journal of Applied Ecology, 46(2), 315–322.
Hole, D.G. et al. (2005). Does Organic Farming Benefit Biodiversity?. Biological Conservation, 122(1), 113–130.
Kadziuliene, Z., Tilvikiene, V., & Dabkevicius, Z. (2009). Biomass Of Tall Fescue As Raw Material For Biogas Production. International Potash Institute, Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture.
Lundie, S. & Peters, G.M. (2005). Life cycle assessment of food waste management options in Sydney, Australia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 13(9), 921–933.
MacMath, R. & Fisk, P. (2000). Carbon Dioxide intensity Ratios: A Method of Evaluating the Upstream Global Warming Impact of Long-Life Building Materials. Centre for Maximum Potential Building Systems.
Lovett A.A. et al. (2009). Land Use Implications of Increased Biomass Production Identified by GIS-Based Suitability and yield Mapping for Miscanthus in England. Bioenergy Research, 2(1–2), 1939–1234.
Richter G.M. et al. (2007). Biomass supply for the UK energy market – modelling grass productivity. Presented at the 3N – Bioenergy Farming Conference, Papenburg, Germany, 13–15 March 2007.
Holliday, L. (2007). Rye grass as an energy crop using biogas technology. Greenfinch Ltd report prepared for DTI New and Renewable Energy Programme.
Wallage, Z. et al. (2006). Drain Blocking: An effective treatment for reducing dissolved organic carbon loss and water discolouration in a drained peatland. Science of the Total Environment, 367(2–3), 811–821.
Department for Communities and Local Government. (2009). Zero Carbon Homes: Consultation document.